Pioneer work with the lithium battery began in 1912 under G.N. Lewis, but it was not until the early 1970s that the first non-rechargeable lithium batteries became commercially available. Although slightly lower in energy density than lithium metal, Lithium-ion is safe, provided certain precautions are met when charging and discharging. In 1991, the Sony Corporation commercialized the first Lithium-ion battery.

ADVANTAGES:

Relatively low self-discharge - self-discharge is less than half that of nickel-based batteries. No memory effect High energy density - potential for yet higher capacities. High voltage of single cell (3.6 V relatively with 1.2 in Ni-Cd and Ni-Mh) Low Maintenance - no periodic discharge is needed; there is no memory. Does not need prolonged priming when new. One regular charge is all that's needed.

LIMITATIONS:

Expensive to manufacture - about 40 percent higher in cost than Nickel-cadmium. Moderate discharge current - not suitable for heavy loads. Not fully mature - metals and chemicals are changing on a continuing basis. Requires protection circuit to maintain Voltage and current within safe limits. Subject to aging, even if not in use - storing the battery in a cool place and at 40 percent charge reduces the aging effect.

Main application - small size accumulators for portable and domestic equipment. Are used also for military technology.